Salt analysis (Cations) Group zero to Group 6

DATE

                                                 EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                            (ZERO  GROUP CATION)

Aim :  To test the presence of Ammonium  ion ( NH4+) in the given salt.

S.No.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	SODIUM HYDROXIDE TEST :--- Take a pinch of the salt & add NaOH solution . Heat it gently. Bring a glass rod dipped in  dil.HCl near the mouth of the test tube.	Characteristic smell of Ammonia. Dense white fumes are evolved.	NH4+ is present.
3.	NESSLER’S REAGENT TEST :---- Take a pinch of the salt & add NaOH solution . Heat it gently. Pass the gas evolved through Nessler’s reagent taken in another test tube.	Reddish Brown ppt.is formed.	NH4+ is present.

RESULT  : The given salt contains Ammonium  ion ( NH4+)  in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :--------

(i)   NH4+ (s)  + NaOH(aq)      ---------------> NH3 (g) + H2O (l) + Na+ (aq)

      NH3 (g) +  HCl (aq)            ----------------> NH4Cl (g)

                                                                             ( Dense white fumes )

(ii)  2K2HgI4   + NH3 (g)  + 3 NaOH    ----------------> NH2.HgO.HgI (s) + 2 H2O(l) 

                                                                                         + 4 KI (aq) + + 3 NaI (aq)


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DATE

                                                 EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                                (FIRST GROUP CATION)

Aim :  To test the presence of Lead  ion ( Pb 2+) in the given salt.

S.No.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	To the aqueous solution of the salt , add dil.HCl.	White ppt of PbCl2 is obtained.	May be Pb2+.
3.	Collect the ppt. , add water and boil . Divide this solution into two parts.	White ppt.dissolves.	Pb2+ is confirmed .
4.	To the one part, add few drops of KI solution.	Yellow ppt. is formed.	Pb2+ is confirmed.
5.	To the second part add few drops of K2CrO4 solution.	Yellow ppt. is formed.	Pb2+ is confirmed.

RESULT  : The given salt contains Lead  ion ( Pb 2+)  in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :--------

(i)   Pb 2+ (s)  + 2 HCl ( dil.)     ----------------🡪   PbCl2 (s)    + 2H+(aq)          

                                                                             (white ppt.)          

                                                              

 (ii)  PbCl2 (aq)  + KI (aq)       -----------------🡪     PbI2 (s)      + 2KCl (aq)

                                                                              Lead iodide

                                                                            (yellow ppt.)

(iii)  PbCl2 (aq)  + K2CrO4 (aq)  ----------------🡪   PbCrO4 (s)       + 2 KCl (aq)

                                                                               Lead chromate

                                                                               (yellow ppt.)

                                                                                          

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DATE

                                                 EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                              ( Second  Group cation )

Aim  : To test the presence of Copper ion (Cu2+)  in the given salt.

S.No.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	To the aqueous solution of the salt , add dil.HCl and then pass H2S gas through the solution.	Black ppt. is obtained.	It may be cu2+.
3.	Collect the black ppt. in a test tube & dissolve in 50% HNO3 . Divide the solution into three  parts. (i) To one part , add        NH4OH solution. (ii) To the second part ,add        KI solution. (iii) To the third part ,add        acetic acid and         K4[Fe(CN)6]   solution.	Blue solution is obtained. White ppt. is obtained. Chocolate- brown ppt. is obtained.	Cu2+ may be present. Cu2+  is confirmed. Cu2+  is confirmed.

RESULT  : The given salt contains  Copper ion (Cu2+)   in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :---------

(i)   Cu2+ (aq) + H2S (g)             ----------------> CuS (s)     + 2H+ (aq)

                                                                              Black

 (ii)  3 CuS (s)  + 8 HNO3 (aq)    ------------> 3 Cu (NO3)2 (aq) + 4 H2O(l)  + 3S + 2NO

(iii) Cu2+ (aq) + 4 NH4OH (aq)    ------------>   [Cu(NH3)4 ]2+ (aq)     +      4OH- (aq)

                                                                             Tetramminecopper(II)

                                                                             Sulphate (Blue solution)

(iii)  2Cu2+ (aq)  + 4KI (aq)   --------------->        Cu2I2  (s)      + 4 k+ (aq)   + I2 

                                                                                 Copper iodide

                                                                                 ( white ppt.)

(iv).  2 Cu2+ (aq)  + k4[Fe(CN)6](aq) ----------->  Cu2[Fe(CN)6] (s)        + 4k+ (aq)

                                                                                  Copper ferrocynide 

                                                                                ( Chocolate brown ppt.)

                 

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DATE

                                                 EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                               ( Third  Group cation )

Aim  : To test the presence of Aluminium ion ( Al 3+) in the given salt.

S.No.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	To the aqueous solution of the salt , add  solid NH4Cl & NH4OH in excess.	Gelatinous white ppt. is obtained.	It may be Al 3+.
3.	LAKE TEST : Collect the  ppt. in a test tube & dissolve in dil. HCl . Add few drops of blue litmus solution & then add ammonium hydroxide solution dropwisw till the blue colour develops.	Blue ppt. floating in a colourless solution is formed.	Al 3+ confirmed.

RESULT  : The given salt contains  aluminium ion ( Al3+)  in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :---------

(i)   Al 3+(aq)  + 3 NH4OH (aq)      ------------>     Al(OH)3 (s)    + 3 NH4+ (aq)

                                                                                  Gelatinous white ppt.

 (ii)  Al(OH)3 (s)  + 3HCl (aq)          -------------> AlCl3(aq)   + 3 H2O (l)

(iii) AlCl3(aq)   + 3 NH4OH (aq)    -------------->     Al(OH)3 (s)  + 3 NH4Cl (aq)

                                                                             

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    DATE

                                                 EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                               ( Third  Group cation )

Aim  : To test the presence of Ferric ion ( Fe 3+) in the given salt.

S.No.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	To the aqueous solution of the salt , add  solid NH4Cl & NH4OH in excess.	Reddish brown ppt. is obtained.	It may be Fe3+.
3.	Collect the  ppt. in a test tube & dissolve in dil. HCl & divide it into 2 parts. a) To the first part,add Potassium Ferrocyanide K4[Fe(CN)6] solution.  b) To the second part , add Potassium Sulphocyanide  ( KCNS ) solution .	Deep blue colouration or ppt. is obtained. Blood red colouration is obtained.	Fe3+  confirmed. Fe3+  confirmed.

RESULT  : The given salt contains  Ferric ion ( Fe 3+)  in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :---------

(i)   Fe 3+(aq)  + 3 NH4OH (aq)      ------------>       Fe(OH)3 (s)           + 3 NH4+ (aq)

                                                                                 Reddish brown ppt.

 (ii)  Fe(OH)3 (s)  + 3HCl (aq)          --------------> FeCl3(aq)   + 3 H2O (l)

(iii) 4 FeCl3(aq)  + 3 K4[Fe(CN)6] (aq) -----------> Fe4 [Fe(CN)6]3      + 12 KCl (aq)

                                                                                    Prussian blue colour

(iv)    FeCl3(aq)   + 6 KCNS (aq)       ---------------> K3[Fe(CNS)6]    + 3 KCl (aq)

                                                                                     Blood red colour                  

                                                                             

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DATE

                                                 EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                              ( Fourth  Group cation )

Aim  : To test the presence of Cobalt  ion (Co 2+)  in the given salt.

S.NO.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	To the aqueous solution of the salt , add  solid NH4Cl & excess of NH4OH and then pass H2S gas through the solution.	Black   ppt. is obtained.	It may be Co 2+.
3.	Collect the  ppt. in a test tube & dissolve in aqua regia  ( conc. HCl + conc.HNO3 in the ratio 1:3). Heat the solution to dryness. Take the residue in a test tube & dissolve it in distilled water. Divide the solution in 2 parts .  (i) To the first part,add few       drops of ammonium      hydroxide & acetic acid.         Add 2-3 crystals of       potassium nitrite &      heat. (ii) To the second part,add    1ml ether & few crystals    of Ammonium    Sulphocyanid e or     Ammonium Thiocyanate.    Shake well & allow to     Stand.	Blue residue is obtained. Pink or violet pink solution is obtained. Yellow ppt .is obtained. Blue colour is obtained in the upper layer .	It may be Co 2+. Co 2+ confirmed. Co 2+ confirmed

RESULT  : The given salt contains  Cobalt ion (Co 2+)  in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :---------

(i)   Co2+ (aq)  + H2S (g)             -------------> CoS  (s)    + 6 H+ (aq)

                                                                                Black

(ii)  CoS (s)  + 2 conc.HCl + 3 [O]   -----------> CoCl2 (s)     + H2O (l)   + SO2 (g)

                                                                                   Blue residue

(iii)     CoCl2 (aq) + 2 KNO2 (s)      ---------------->     Co(NO2)2  + 2 KCl  (aq)        

          KNO2 (s)   + CH3COOH (aq)  -------------->     CH3COOK (aq) + HNO2 (aq)

           Co(NO2)2 + 2 HNO2 (aq)       ------------>      Co(NO2)3  + NO(g)  + H2O (l)   

           Co(NO2)3   + 3 KNO2 (s)     ------------->    K3[ Co ( NO2)6]

                                                                                    Yellow complex

 (iv) CoCl2 (aq) + 4 KCNS (aq)      --------------> K2[ Co(CNS)4]    + 2 KCl (aq)

                                                                                  Blue colouration 

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         DATE

                                                 EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                             

                                                       ( Fourth  Group cation )

Aim  : To test the presence of Nickel  ion (Ni 2+)  in the given salt.

S.No.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	To the aqueous solution of the salt , add  solid NH4Cl & excess of NH4OH and then pass H2S gas through the solution.	Black   ppt. is obtained.	It may be Ni2+.
3.	Collect the  ppt. in a test tube & dissolve in aqua regia  ( conc. HCl + conc.HNO3 in the ratio 1:3). Heat the solution to dryness. Take the residue in a test tube & dissolve it in distilled water. Divide the solution in 2 parts .  (i) To the first part,add few       drops of ammonium      hydroxide  solution      dropwise till alkaline &      then add DMG    (dimethylglyoxime)    solution (ii) To the second part of       the above solution , add NaOH & Br2 water. Boil the solution.	Yellow  residue is obtained. Greenish yellow  solution is obtained. Bright red ppt .is obtained. Black ppt. is obtained.	It may be Ni2+. Ni 2+ confirmed. Ni 2+ confirmed

RESULT  : The given salt contains  Nickel ion (Ni 2+)  in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :---------

(i)   Ni2+ (aq)  + H2S (g)             ----------------> NiS  (s)    + 2 H+ (aq)

                                                                                Black

(ii)  NiS (s)  + 2 conc.HCl + 3 [O]   ------------> NiCl2 (aq)     + H2O (l)   + SO2 (g)

                                                                               Yellow residue

(iii) 

 

                              DMG                                                           RED PPT.

                                                                                   

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DATE

                                                 EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                              ( Fourth  Group cation )

Aim  : To test the presence of Manganese  ion (Mn 2+)  in the given salt.

S.No.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	To the aqueous solution of the salt , add  solid NH4Cl & excess of NH4OH and then pass H2S gas through the solution.	Buff (flesh)coloured  ppt. is obtained.	It may be Mn2+.
3. 4.	Sodium hydroxide & Br2 water test :  Collect a part of the  ppt. in a test tube & dissolve in dil. HCl & boil off H2S. Then add NaOH solution. Add Bromine water to the white ppt. Lead dioxide test : To the second part of the ppt. add a little of PbO2 powder & conc. HNO3. Boil ,cool & allow to stand.	White ppt. is formed. It turns black or brown. Pink colouration is produced.	It may be Mn2+. Mn2+ is confirmed.

RESULT  : The given salt contains Manganese  ion (Mn 2+)   in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :---------

(i)   Mn2+ (aq)  + H2S (g)             ------------->     MnS  (s)    + 2 H+ (aq)

                                                                               Buff coloured

                                                                               ppt.

(ii)    MnS (aq)  + 2 dil.HCl        -----------> MnCl2 (aq)  + 2 H+ (aq) + S2-

                                                                                    

(iii)  MnCl2 (aq) + 2 NaOH        -----------> Mn(OH)2 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq)

                                                                               White ppt.

(iv) 2 Mn(OH)2 (s) + Br2 (aq) + H2O (l) +[O] ---------->   2 MnO(OH)2 (s) + 2HBr (aq)

                                                                                                      Brown ppt.

(v) 2 Mn2+(aq) + 4H+ (aq) + 5PbO2(s) ----------> 2 MnO4-(aq) +5 Pb2+(aq) + 2 H2O (l)

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                                   EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                              ( Fourth  Group cation )

Aim  : To test the presence of  Zinc ion (Zn 2+)  in the given salt.

S.No.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	To the aqueous solution of the salt , add  solid NH4Cl & excess of NH4OH and then pass H2S gas through the solution.	Dirty white ppt. is obtained.	It may be Zn2+.
3.	Collect a the  ppt. in a test tube & dissolve in dil. HCl & boil off H2S. Divide the solution into 2 parts. To the first part , add NaOH solution dropwise.  To the second part ,add Potassium ferrocyanide solution.	White ppt. is obtained which is soluble in excess of NaOH. White or bluish white ppt. is obtained.	Zn2+ is confirmed. Zn2+ is confirmed.

RESULT  : The given salt contains Zinc  ion (Zn 2+) in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :---------

(i)   Zn2+ (aq)  + H2S (g)             ------------->        ZnS  (s)    + 2 H+ (aq)

                                                                               Dirty White ppt.

(ii)    ZnS (aq)  + 2 dil.HCl        -----------> ZnCl2 (aq)  + 2 H+ (aq) + S2-

                                                                                    

(iii)  ZnCl2 (aq) + 2 NaOH        -----------> Zn(OH)2 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq)

                                                                               White ppt.

        Zn(OH)2 (s) + 2 NaOH(aq)   -----------> Na2ZnO2 (aq) +   2H2O (l)

                                                                             Sodium zincate

                                            

(iv) ZnCl2 (aq) + K4 [ Fe(CN)6](aq)   ------------>  Zn2[ Fe(CN)6](aq) + 4 KCl (aq) 

                                                                                    Bluish white ppt.

                                                     

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DATE

                                                 EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                               ( Fifth Group cation )

Aim  : To test the presence of Barium ion ( Ba2+) in the given salt.

S.No.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	To the aqueous solution of the salt , add  solid NH4Cl & NH4OH in excess. Then add freshly prepared ammonium carbonate  ( Na2CO3 ) solution,warm & allow it to stand.	White ppt. is obtained.	It may be Ba2+/Sr2+/ Ca2+.
3.	Collect the  ppt. in a test tube & dissolve in minimum quantity of dil. CH3COOH & boil off CO2 . Divide the solution into 2 parts. Potassium chromate test : To one part of the solution, add a few drops of K2CrO4 solution. Dil. H2SO4 Test :  To the other part of the above solution, add a few drops of dil. H2SO4.	Yellow ppt. is obtained. White ppt. is obtained which is insoluble in dil. HCl.	Ba2+  confirmed. Ba2+  confirmed.
4.	Flame Test  : Make a paste of  the given salt with conc. HCl & perform flame test using platinum wire.	Grassy green flame is produced.	Ba2+  confirmed.

RESULT  : The given salt contains Barium ion ( Ba2+)  in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :---------

(i)   Ba2+(aq)  + ( NH4)2 CO3 (aq)      ------------> BaCO3(s)     + 2 NH4+ (aq)

                                                                                    white ppt.

 (ii)  BaCO3(s)  + 2 CH3COOH  (aq) ------------->  ( CH3COO)2Ba (aq)  + H2O (l)

                                                                                        Barium acetate

                                                                                         + CO2 (g) 

(iii) ( CH3COO)2Ba (aq) + K 2CrO4 (aq)    ------------->  BaCrO4(s) + 2CH3COOK(aq)

                                                                                            Yellow ppt. 

    ( CH3COO)2Ba (aq) + dil.H2SO4        ----------------> BaSO4 (s) + CH3COOH  (aq)  

     

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DATE

                                                 EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                               ( Fifth Group cation )

Aim  : To test the presence of Strontium ion ( Sr2+) in the given salt.

S.No.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	To the aqueous solution of the salt , add  solid NH4Cl & NH4OH in excess. Then add freshly prepared ammonium carbonate  ( Na2CO3 ) solution,warm & allow it to stand.	White ppt. is obtained.	It may be Ba2+/Sr2+/ Ca2+.
3.	Ammonium  Sulphate test : Collect the  ppt. in a test tube & dissolve in minimum quantity of dil. CH3COOH & boil off CO2 . To this solution, add a few drops of ammonium sulphate solution .	White ppt.is obtained.	Sr2+ is confirmed.
4.	Flame Test  : Make a paste of  the given salt with conc. HCl & perform flame test using platinum wire.	Crimson red  flame is produced.	Sr2+  confirmed.

RESULT  : The given salt contains Strontium ion ( Sr2+)  in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :---------

(i)   Sr2+(aq)  + ( NH4)2 CO3 (aq)      ------------>   SrCO3(s)     + 2 NH4+ (aq)

                                                                                    white ppt.

 (ii)  CaCO3(s)  + 2 CH3COOH  (aq) -------------> ( CH3COO)2Sr(aq)  + H2O (l)

                                                                                        Calcium  acetate

                                                                                         + CO2 (g) 

(iii) ( CH3COO)2Sr (aq)  + (NH4) 2SO4 (aq)  ------------->   SrSO4 (s)     

                                                                                               White ppt.

                                                                                                               +  2 CH3COONH4(aq)

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DATE

                                                 EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                               ( Fifth Group cation )

Aim  : To test the presence of Calcium ion ( Ca2+) in the given salt.

S.No.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	To the aqueous solution of the salt , add  solid NH4Cl & NH4OH in excess. Then add freshly prepared ammonium carbonate  ( Na2CO3 ) solution,warm & allow it to stand.	White ppt. is obtained.	It may be Ba2+/Sr2+/ Ca2+.
3.	Ammonium Oxalate test : Collect the  ppt. in a test tube & dissolve in minimum quantity of dil. CH3COOH & boil off CO2 . To this solution, add a few drops of ammonium oxalate solution and then add NH4OHsolution & scratch the sides of the test tube with a glass rod.	White ppt.is obtained.	Ca2+ is confirmed.
4.	Flame Test  : Make a paste of  the given salt with conc. HCl & perform flame test using platinum wire.	Brick  red flame is produced.	Ca2+  confirmed.

RESULT  : The given salt contains  Calcium ion ( Ca2+)  in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :---------

(i)   Ca2+(aq)  + ( NH4)2 CO3 (aq)      ------------>   CaCO3(s)     + 2 NH4+ (aq)

                                                                                    white ppt.

 (ii)  CaCO3(s)  + 2 CH3COOH  (aq) --------------> ( CH3COO)2Ca(aq)  + H2O (l)

                                                                                        Calcium  acetate

                                                                                         + CO2 (g) 

(iii) ( CH3COO)2Ca (aq)  + (NH4) 2C2O4 (aq)  ------------->   Ca C2O4  (s)     

                                                                                                     White ppt.

                                                                                                               +  2 CH3COONH4(aq)

                                                                                               

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DATE

                                                 EXPERIMENT NO._________

                                               ( Sixth Group cation )

Aim  : To test the presence of Magnesium ion ( Mg 2+ ) in the given salt.

S.No.	EXPERIMENT	OBSERVATION	INFERENCE
1.	Physical tests: (i) Colour  (ii) Odour (iii) Solubility
2.	To the aqueous solution of the salt, add NH4Cl , NH4OH & Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate or Diammonium Hydrogen Phosphate solution.	White ppt. is obtained.	Mg2+  confirmed.

RESULT  : The given salt contains Magnesium ion ( Mg 2+ )  in it .

REACTIONS INVOLVED  :---------

(i)   Mg2+ (aq) + ( NH4)2 HPO4 (aq) + NH4OH ( aq)  --------->   Mg NH4PO4(s) + 

                                                                                                          ( white ppt.)

                                                                                                          2 NH4+ (aq) + H2O (l)